The Genealogy of Karl of Hesse-Kassel

Charles/Karl of Hesse-Kassel has been talked about on this blog before, he was very important to late 18th Century Freemasonry and the history of the Bavarian Illuminati.

Through his mother he was a grandson of George II of England (like William V of Orange).  A sister of his mother was married to King Fredrick V of Denmark.  Karl married a daughter of theirs and had a number of children by her.  Interestingly William IV of Orange was through his mother grandson of an earlier Charles Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.

His sons seem to have died without reproducing.  His oldest daughter married King Fredrick VI of Denmark.  But it was the son of Karl's youngest daughter who later became King Christian IX of Denmark.

Christian IX had a number of children.  Fredrick VIII from whom the current Queen of Denmark descends, and other Scandinavian Royalty as well.  And a daughter Alexandra who became Queen-Consort of England and an ancestor of Elizabeth II.

But most interesting to me is that King George I of Greece was a son of King Christian IX of Denmark.  George I is the direct Pater-lineal Ancestor of the current King in Exile of Greece who is named Constantine, and his children including the Crown Prince.  The oldest son of the Crown-Prince is also named Constantine, Prince Constantine-Alexios.  But the oldest child of the Crown-Prince is a daughter, Princess Marie-Olympia who's now doing magazine cover shoots like she was a Hollywood celebrity or something (I don't think Karl of Hesse-Kassel is the ancestor she gets her looks from).

But through a different son George I of Greece is the direct Pater-lineal ancestor of the husband of Queen Elizabeth.  Making him the paternal progenitor of Prince Charles, William and Harry.

Greece and Denmark having the same Royal Family makes me think of Ezekiel 27 referring to Dan and Javan being linked to each other.  So that family descending from a documented Illuminati member and leader of German Freemasonry at the time of the French Revolution is pretty interesting.

Fredrick V of Denmark's ancestry can be traced back through Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony to Anne of Bohemia and Hungry.  Anne was the daughter of Vladislaus II.  Through the Kings of Bohemia her ancestry can be traced back to Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, who was the son of Constance of Hungry, who was the daughter of Agnes of Antioch who was the daughter of Constance of Antioch who was the daughter of Alice of Antioch.

Alice was one of the daughters of Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Morphia of Melitene.  The later of whom's ancestry I discus here.

Update: September 11th 2015.

The direct Pater-lineal Ancestry of Karl of Hesse-Kassel can be traced back to Henry I Langrave of Hesse.

Henry was through his mother's mother also a descendant of Anges of Antioch through her son Andrew II of Hungry.  Through his mother he was heir to the Landgraves of Thuringia.

Through his father Henry II Duke of Barbant he was among other things potential heir to Stephen I of England and Matlida of Blounge daughter of Eustace III of Boulonge brother of Godfrey de Boulonge and Baldwin I of Jerusalem.

Descent from Matilda is the nearest line of descent possible from the original royal family of Crusader Jerusalem.  Everyone formally claiming the title King of Jerusalem today does so from Baldwin II, who's claim to even being a cousin of them seems unverifiable.

Stephen I of England was a grandson of William The Conqueror through his mother.  Through his father he was a descendant of Louis IV of France and Kings of Burgundy.

The direct pater-lineal ancestry of Eustace, Godfrey and Baldwin went back to Baldwin II of Flanders, son of Baldwin I of Flanders and Judith daughter of Charles The Bald, a successor of Charlemagne.  He was also a descendant of Louis IV.  Baldwin I of Flanders seems to be a count already when he shows up in history, it's possible he already had Merovingian ancestry, but we don't know for sure.

In the line from Henry I to Karl is Louise I of Hesse, father of Henry III of Hesse, who's daughter Elisabeth of Hesse married John V of Nassau.  Their son was William I Count of Nassau, who was the father of William I of Orange aka William The Silent.  He had a number of children by a number of wives, one of them was Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, great grandmother of King George I of England.  William the Silent was also the direct pater-lineal ancestor of William III who became King of England in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.  He is the central figure behind the mythology of the Orange Order and the The Orange Lodge.

The Pater-lineal ancestor of King George I of England was Frederick IV Elector Palatine.  His mother was another Elisabeth of Hesse, daughter of Philip I Landgrave of Hesse.  Another son of her's was Charles IX of Sweden.

And of course the direct Successor of William of Orange was Queen Julliana of the Netherlands, who's husband  Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands was one of the original founders of the Bilderberg group. They were the parents of Queen Beatrix.  Also of the Royal Family of the Netherlands was Prince Frederich son of King William Frederick I who was Grand Master of Dutch Freemasonry for much of the 19th Century.

I've talked about the two Dukes of Brunswick during Karl's time before, who Nesta Webster confused with each other.  The paternal common ancestor of both was Ferdinand Albert II Duke of Brunswick.  Through his mother he descended from Maurice Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.  And the younger Duke is an ancestor of Princess Helena of Nassau and thus of Queen Juliana.

Christian of Hesse-Dramstadt is also a known Illuminati Member inducted in 1783.  The house of Hesse-Dramstadt shares the house of Hesse-Kassel's descent from Henry I of Hesse.  Likewise Frederickt V of Hesse-Hormburg.  Another Illuminatus, Karl August von Sachsen-Wiemar-Eisenach, married Louise daughter of Louis IX of Hesse-Dramstadt (Christian's Sister).  From that marriage descended among other people Helene Duchess of Orleans and thus the current heir to the Orleanist Bourbon Crown.  And Charles Alexander who married Princess Sophie of the Netherlands.  Another brother to Christian was Louise X of Hesse-Dramstadt who was a known member of Amis Reunis Lodge of Paris which became allied with the Illuminati due to the efforts of Bode.

Going back to Frederick V of Denmark.  His paternal grandfather Frederick IV of Denmark was the son of Christian V by Charlotte Amaile of Hesse-Kassael, the daughter of William VI Langrave of Hesse-Kassel.  And she was actually his first born offspring, but standards of the time always favored oldest male over an older woman to be successor.

Update: September 20th 2015

The second wife of Philippe I Duke of Orleans and mother of his successor Philippe II was Elizabeth Charlotte of the Pallatine, daughter of Charles I Louis Elector Palatine and Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel. daughter of William V Langrave of Hesse-Kassel.  The Orelanist house having a genealogical connection to Hesse-Kassel is very interesting.  Charles I Louise himself has descent from both Elisabeth of Hesse and William The Silent.

The daughter of Philippe I of Orelans and Charlotte of Pallatine was Elisabeth Charlotte d'Orleans.  Who was the mother of Prince Charles Alexander de Lorraine.  Who was one of the alleged Grand Masters of the Prior of Sion in Plantard's hoax.  Likewise she was the grandmother of the next alleged Grand Master Maxamillian de Lorraine.  I mention only because I suspect that obvious hoax drew on many real conspiracies.

The Hesse-Kassel family can be shown to have a connection to the occult already well before Karl.  Maurice The Learned (also a direct of ancestor of Charlotte) is an interesting figure, to copy/paste from Terry Melanson's Illuminati Conpsiracey Part One.

Maurice the Learned – It is revealing to note the long association of the Hessen-Kassel family to the occult. One particular ancestor is noteworthy. Karl is a direct descendant of “Maurice the Learned” of Hesse-Cassel (Landgraf Moritz von Hessen-Kassel, 1572-1632). Maurice procured the services of Rosicrucians and Alchemists such as Johannes Rhenanus and Michael Maier. The former served the Prince in many capacities, “working first in his chemical laboratory and towards the end of his life as the Prince’s family doctor. He was also the author of a number of Paracelsian and iatrochemical texts (e.g. Urocriterium Chymiatricum, Marburg, 1609) and clearly a practising alchemist.”⁴⁵ As for the latter, Maier was a very important figure and well-connected with many of the leading nobility of Europe and other famous occultists such as Robert Fludd. Maier produced an incredible amount of Rosicrucian/alchemical treatises and became the court physician to Maurice around 1614.⁴⁶ Francis Yates also underscores the fact that the town of Cassel is where the Rosicrucian Manifestos were first published (1614 and 1615).⁴⁷ Hardly a coincidence, Maurice had already founded the Collegium Mauritianum in 1599, which taught all sorts of advanced arcane studies – while at the same time he controlled “an extensive hermetic alchemical circle.”⁴⁸ The sudden open appearance of the Rosicrucians and their manifestos – perplexing to most historians – isn’t all that mysterious in an environment such as existed under his rule.

Much more research should be done on the House of Hesse as a whole; they appear to be the fulcrum of the most significant major revivals in western occult tradition.

The Hesse-Kassel family may well be the key to connecting a lot of esoteric mysteries.

Also if the theory about the Count of Saint-Germain being the son of Francis II of Transylvania is true, then his mother was of the house of Hesse also.  Which is interesting since at the end of his life Saint-Germain lived on Karl's estate.  Amusingly Francis II himself was descended from a Zsofia Bathori.

Update 2/26/2016: Barbarossa

The mother of King George I of England was Sophia Countess of Palatine Simmern.  She descends from Philip the Magnanimous Landgrave of Hesse, one of the pater-lineal ancestors of Karl of Hesse-Kassel.  He descends from Anne of Saxony daughter of Frederick I Elector of Saxony.

Frederick of Saxony descends on his mother's side from Henry I Landgrave of Hesse.  But his direct pater-lineal ancestry was from Frederick I Margrave of Meissen.  Frederick of Meissen's mother's pater-lineal descent was from Frederick Barbarossa an important Holy Roman Emperor.

Barbarossa was a descendant of Baldwin IV of Flanders making him a part of one of the most interesting to me lines of descent from Charlemagne and Alfred The Great.  He was also buried in Antioch and has become the subject of King in The Mountain type legends, giving him important esoteric significance.

The Illuminati vs Esoteric Freemasonry

I want to use this blog to shoot down many popular myths about the Illuminati, and Secret Societies in general.  (Even that they used the All Seeing Eye and Pyramid as a symbol is one such myth.)  I am a Conspiracy Theorist, but it hurts our credibility when we take at face value so many claims without investigating them.  I love Alex Jones [Update 2016, used to], he's great at breaking down what's going on in the present.  But when he goes back to 18th and 19th century History, he repeats many common mistakes.

In Evangelical Christian circles we want to view the "Illuminati" (which has become a byword for the enemy in general without much care for what the Bavarian Illuminati was) as synonymous with the highest level occult activity, Satanists and Neo-Pagans.  And it backs up that desire that the O.T.O and Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn claim Illuminati ancestry.  I feel like Occult exposing Christians need to stop believing what the occult groups and Freemasons claim about themselves so much.

The truth however is that while the Bavarian Illuminati's rituals superficially incorporated ritualistic and mythological ideas, Adam Weishaupt was actually a devout "Rationalist" who hated the Esoterisism of the Rosicrucians and more mystical brands of Freemasonry (the real ancestors of the O.T.O and Golden Dawn). This fact becomes apparent studying the diligent research of Terry Melanson author of The Perfectibilists, and Jeva Singh-Anand who recently translated Kingge's book Philo's Reply.  Melanson is a fellow conspiracy theorist, Anand is not.  They are among the few who research the Illuminati going back to the oldest contemporary documents, most of which sadly aren't available in English yet.

This conflict has some overlap with his hatred of the Jesuits, (pretty much all Continental Rosecurcians at this time were Jesuits).  But some of the above historians will overlook how you can be an Esoteric and still oppose the Jesutis and the Catholic Church.  Especially those esoterics who were probably in secret serving British Intelligence.

Another important note, Weishaupt's order were not the first to use a name derived from the Latin "Illuminate".  Many of the Esoteric groups Weishaupt hated were associated with terms like Iluminees and Illuminisim.  This has caused researchers to often confuse references to them with the Bavarian Illuminati.  Going back to Barruel and Robinson early on, and still today by authors like Marco Di Luchetti.

I have a theory however.

While the traditional Conspiracy Theory narrative is that the Bavarian Illuminati took over Freemasonry, I'm thinking it might have been the other way around.  The Esoteric Masons infiltrated and took over the Illuminati, then after the Illuminati was "disbanded" they incorporated much of the infrastructure and strategy that Weishaupt had devised into their own political machinations they already had planned.  Still the claim that the Illuminati took over Masonry has more creditably then it's given credit for, upon studying provable Illuminati members, some either already were or become the highest ranking Masons in their respective countries.

The Strict Observance Rite was a popular mystical Masonic order during the mid 18th Century.  This order became a bit of a problem after it's founder died.  He had made up a story about mysterious unseen superiors overseeing the order, but it seems they didn't actually exist.  It was a strict observance lodge Weishaupt was initiated into in 1777 the year after he founded the Illuminati.

In 1782 Karl Langrave of Hesse-Kassel, who was the second highest ranking man in German Freemasonry, organized a Masonic conference at Wilhelmsbad to decide what to do about the Strict Observance Rite (which was among the many secret societies he himself was a member of).  It wound up being dissolved, and as Melenson's article shows many members joined the Bavarian Illuminati either right then or in the coming months.  These included Karl of Hesse-Kassel himself, and the highest ranking man in German Freemasonry, the Duke of Brunswick (there were two at this time, don't confuse them as Nesta Webster did, the other was his nephew and not a known Illuminati member or Mason, though he was sympathetic to the Revolutionaries in-spite his involvement in the war against them).

Karl would latter claim in his official memoirs that he joined the order to try and sabotage their political agenda, but I think that was saving face.  Karl was very deeply involved in the occult/esoteric side of Masonry.  It was he who lodged the Comte de Saint-Germain during the last years of his Life.  Saint-Germain first popped up in England, I think he was possibly a British Spy.

But also among the Wilhelmsbad recruits was Johann Joachim Christopher Bode.  He was deeply involved in Esoteric Masonry before joining the Illuminati, supposedly he turned his back on Mysticism and became a Rationalist like Weishaupt when he joined the Illuminati.  But I have trouble believing that, one doesn't simply reject the Esoteric so easily when they'd been deeply involved in it.  I think he was claiming that to gain the trust of Weishaupt and the other leaders of the order.

After the order was "disbanded" in 1784, Bode became the de facto chief executive of the order.  It was he who traveled to France in 1787, which I shall expand on in future posts.

Saint-Martin is an important figure in the history of the Occult at this time.  He was friends with Nicolas Bonneville (who was an Illuminati sympathizer but not quite a confirmed member, and he also wrote against the Jesuits).

Also important to the History of Esoteric Freemasonry was the order of Memphis-Misraim.

Other known esoterics and occultists who become Illuminati members include Johann Caspar [Jean Gaspard] Schweizer (1754-1811), Count Franz Joseph von Kolowrat-Liebensteinsky (b. 1748), and probably most recruited from the French Philadelthes.  I could also mention Goethe but there is disagreement on how active his membership was.

Mayer Rothschild did not create the Bavarian Illuminati

One of the most persistent myths about the origin of the Illuminati you frequently see being repeated online without any source is a claim that Weishaupt was recruited to form the Illuminati by Mayer Amschel Rothschild.

The story goes that either in 1770 or 1773 Rothschild presented Weishaupt at a meeting to 12 unidentified business partners.

The facts are that Mayer Rothschild was still pretty small potatoes when the Illuminati was founded in 1776, just a local business man in Frankfurt. No conceivable way he could have had influence over anyone at Ingolstadt university.  It was following the French Revolution that his business really began to take off.  And not till the 19th Century he truly became an International Banker.

Also all through the 18th Century both the Bavarian Illuminati and Freemasonry strictly forbid Jews from joining.

His tenuous connection to the Illuminati is through Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel, he was patronaged by him since the 1760s and eventually became his main Banker.  Wilhelm himself is not known to have been either Illuminati or a Mason.  But his brother Karl Langrave of Hesse-Kassel was the number two man in German Freemasonry and the Strict Observance Rite, and among the former Strict Observance members who joined the Illuminati after the Masonic Congress at Wilhelmsbad in 1782.  He'll be a subject of future posts of this blog.

There is one other connection, Baron Karl Theodor Dalberg (1744-1817)

The Rothschilds certainly became part of the Oligarchy over time.  But they didn't start it.

The book Secrecy or Freedom, Sumerizes other old Conspiracy books

One book I recently ordered off Amazon cheaply is Secrecy of Freedom, a book with gives in-depth reviews of a dozen older books going back 200 years. A shot statement of the book's goal exists here.
http://www.abjpress.com/sofpage.html
I ordered it off Amazon
And I shall copy the review of it I left there.

http://www.amazon.com/review/R1HXQCC8QPBMO4/ref=cm_cr_pr_perm?ie=UTF8&ASIN=0964084821
This book is a review of a number of older earlier books, some from the 19th Century. It's now allot cheaper then buying all these books on their own, some are rare now. It presents some of the most detailed information you can find on the History of Conspiracies, but there are some issues of perspective.

Many of the books chosen (Starting with favoring Barruel over Robinson) presents thing from a very Pro-Catholic and Anti-Protestant (especially Anglican) perspective. Tarpley especially is worth taking issue with. He says the Reformation was created by Venice is response to a threat against them from the the early 1500s in order to divide Europe. This ignores men like Girolamo Savonarola and John Wycliffe who were reformers well before Luther. And there were always groups in Western Europe that did not submit to the Vatican. He refers to England having been Catholic for 900 years before the time of Henry VIII, but the Britons were already Christian before Augustine came with roots going back to the First Century, and he persecuted these Celtic Christians.

Now, I am not a mainline Protestant. I'm a member of no Denomination as I hate organized religion. But I am philosophically a cross between an Independent Baptist and a Pentecostal. So I do agree, the more organized Reformation of men like Calvin was the Church of Sardis.

The first 2 of the 3 Webster books covered are very good at giving detailed information on the French Revolution and latter European Revolutions. That show that the common people wanted a Constitutional Monarchy from of Government inspired by America's, but the Conspirators manipulated events to follow their Anti-Christian and Socialist agenda. The third however as it talks about about the history of Monotheistic Religion gets into allot of questionable areas.

My last significant comment is on Treason in America. Mostly this books is all very good information, but one area that surprised me, is seeing a book on Conspiracy that says Andrew Jackson's ending the Central Bank was a bad thing and gave more power to the English aristocrats. The fact is the Bank was controlled by the British. I can agree then Von Buren's actions on how to deal with the changes in Economy following the Bank's removal were problematic.

The book also has a few points were it debunks the notion of viewing it as a Jewish Conspiracy. Which is very good.

 Tarpley's book can be read online free here.
http://tarpley.net/online-books/against-oligarchy/
The the pre-1923 ones should be possible to find online free too, but Dillon's might not be because of it having been lost till rediscovered in 1950.

I've learned since I first made that review that Webster's books make some major errors.  She confuses the two Dukes of Brunswick.  And she desired to connect the Illuminati to only one factions of the French Revolutionaries.  In fact they had ties to many factions, including the Duke of Orleans.

The mission statement of groups like the Illuminati, the Jacobins and the Carbonari may have been opposition to Royalty and Aristocracy in-principle, and the rank and file members and their non member supporters truly believed that ideal. But the evidence suggests the power behind them was one clan of Nobility trying to wipe out their rivals.

Chief among them were the British Oligarchy who gained absolute power in Britain upon the establishment of the House of Hannover with King George I, who controlled the Bank of England and the East India Company. But outside England they were allied with the Venetian Nobility, and a collection of Germanic Noble and Royal families they intermarried with.  The enemies they wanted dealt with were mainly the French (main Bourbon line) and Austrian Royal Families of the time originally, but in time they grew to really hate Russia's Tzars.  The Duke of Orleans was related the Bourbans, but had a connection to those German families.

Fredrick The Great king of Prussia who was a key collaborator of Voltaire (in known to have played a vital role in forming German Freemasonry in the years before the founding of the Bavarian Illuminati) was a grandson of George I. Wilhelm IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel who played an important role in the biography of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (the relationship didn't begin till the early 1800s however, and neither the Freemasons or Jews in the late 1700s allowed Jews to join) was a Grandson of George II. And his Brother Karl was the number two person in German Freemasonry, and was inducted into the Illuminati in 1782. Another Grandson of George II was William V, Prince of Orange-Nassau an ancestor of the current Royal Family of the Netherlands, who are key players in the Bilderberg group. Duke Ernest II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1745–1804) harbored Adam Weishaut during his latter life, he's of the same Noble family that produced Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria as well as Victoria herself, and thus the current Windsor dynasty.  Also related to both the Hannover and Saxe-Gotha families were the Dukes of Brunswick, the older of whom was the Grand Master of German Freemasonry.

Voltaire had been originally inducted into Freemasonry in England, and there is evidence of British and Venetian spies being involved in the French Revolution. According to Tarply both Cagliostro and Casanova were Venetian agents. The British Crown and it's system was never even scratched by the Revolutions of the 19th Century. They had Popular Uprisings in 1848, but they could never get the Support of the grander Masonic-Carbonari Conspiracy. Dillon notes how Mazzini neglects to mention the Irish as being among the people who deserve Freedom and Independence.

Another mysterious figure is Nubius. In the records available to Dillon he is known only by his Codename (which is Nubius) his real name and identity isn't known. (This can clearly make him very attractive to a writer of fiction, like myself).  All we know is....

1. He became leader of the Carbonari many years before Weishaut died in 1830 (at least by 1822), and after Weishaut's Death he became head of the entire Conspiracy.

2. He was an Italian Nobleman.

3. He was alive at least as late as August 9th 1838. But died soon after (maybe in 1838, or a few years latter, probably no latter then 1844), was possibly Poisoned by Mazzini or his supporters who wanted to take the leadership of the Carbonari for himself, but Nubius didn't even let him into the Inner Circle (the Alta Vendita) because Mazzini desired a strategy that he considered to aggressive and bloody at that point.

I have come to suspect he's possibly Philippe Buonarroti/Filippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti. 

After Nubius's death Mazzini gained power within the Carbonari and Italian Freemasonry, but Lord Palmerston become the leader of the grander Conspiracy.

Count Calgiostro can be the one most difficult to study. Many real Conspiracy Theory websites that don't do enough fact checking have trouble separating the real figure from the fiction of Alexandre Dumas. Only the Second Dumas novel featuring him The Queen's Necklace is even loosely based on his real history. The narrative of Joseph Balsamo a.k.a. Memoirs of a Physician set in 1770 to 1773 is pure fiction, but the fantastic background he claims for himself is basically what the real Calgiostro claimed.

Cagliostro is historically attributed with playing a key role in the history of the Masonic Rite of Misriam. Which latter merges with the rite of Memphis to form the rite of Memphis-Misraim, the exclusive Masonic order William Schneobelen says he joined and reached the 90th Degree of.

There were also Pro-Catholic and Pro-Royalist secret societies, lead by the Jesuits, in opposition to the Masonic-Illuminati-Carbonari conspirators.

Their mission statement being The Secret Treaty of Verona of 1822.

 http://www.theforbiddenknowledge.com/hardtruth/secret_treaty_of_verona.htm
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE.
64th CONGRESS, 1st SESSION
VOLUME 53, PART 7
Page 6781

25 April 1916

      I wish to put in the RECORD the secret treaty of Verona of  November 22, 1822, showing what this ancient conflict is between the rule of the few and the rule of the many.  I wish to call the attention of the Senate to this treaty because it is the threat of this treaty which was the basis of the Monroe doctrine.  It throws a powerful white light upon the conflict between monarchial government and government by the people.  The Holy Alliance under the influence of Metternich, the Premier of Austria, in 1822, issued this remarkable secret document :

[American Diplomatic Code,  1778 - 1884,  vol.  2 ;  Elliott,  p. 179.]


SECRET TREATY OF VERONA

      The  undersigned,  specially  authorized  to  make  some  additions  to  the  treaty  of  the  Holy  Alliance,  after  having  exchanged  their  respective  credentials,  have  agreed  as  follows :

      ARTICLE  1.  The  high  contracting  powers  being  convinced  that  the  system  of  representative  government  is  equally  as  incompatible  with  the  monarchial  principles  as  the  maxim  of  the  sovereignty  of  the  people  with  the  high  divine  right,  engage mutually  in  the  most  solemn  manner,  to  use  all  their  efforts  to  put  an  end  to  the  system  of  representative  governments,  in  whatever  country  it  may  exist  in  Europe,  and  to  prevent  its  being  introduced  in  those  countries  where  it  is  not  yet  known.

      ART.  2.  As  it  can  not  be  doubted  that  the  liberty  of  the  press  is  the  most  powerful  means  used  by  the  pretended  supporters  of  the  rights  of  nations  to  the  detriment  of  those  princes,  the  high  contracting  parties  promise  reciprocally  to  adopt  all  proper  measures  to  suppress  it,  not  only  in  their  own  states  but  also  in  the  rest  of  Europe.

      ART.  3.  Convinced  that  the  principles  of  religion  contribute  most  powerfully  to  keep  nations  in  the  state  of  passive  obedience  which  they  owe  to  their  princes,  the  high  contracting  parties  declare  it  to  be  their  intention  to  sustain  in  their  respective  States  those  measures  which  the  clergy  may  adopt,  with  the  aim  of  ameliorating  their  own  interests,  so  intimately  connected  with  the  preservation  of  the  authority  of  the  princes ;  and  the  contracting  powers  join  in  offering  their  thanks  to  the  Pope  for  what  he  has  already  done  for  them,  and  solicit  his  constant  cooperation  in  their  views  of  submitting  the  nations.

      ART.  4.  The  situation  of  Spain  and  Portugal  unite  unhappily  all  the  circumstances  to  which  this treaty  has  particular  reference.    The  high  contracting  parties,  in  confiding  to  France  the  care  of  putting  an  end  to  them,  engaged  to  assist  her  in  the  manner  which  may  the  least  compromit  them  with  their  own  people  and  the  people  of  France  by  means  of  a  subsidy  on  the  part  of  the  two  empires  of  20,000,000  of  francs  every  year  from  the  date  of  the  signature  of  this  treaty  to  the  end  of  the  war.

      ART.  5.  In  order  to  establish  in  the  Peninsula  the  order  of  things  which  existed  before  the  revolution  of  Cadiz,  and  to  insure  the  entire  execution  of  the  articles  of  the  present  treaty,  the  high  contracting  parties  give  to  each  other  the  reciprocal  assurance  that  as  long  as  their  views  are  not  fulfilled,  rejecting  all  other  ideas  of  utility  or  other  measure  to  be  taken,  they  will  address  themselves  with  the  shortest  possible  delay  to  all  the  authorities  existing  in  their  States  and  to  all  their  agents  in  foreign  countries,  with  the  view  to  establish  connections  tending  toward  the  accomplishment  of  the  objects  proposed  by  this  treaty.

      ART.  6.  This  treaty  shall  be  renewed  with  such  changes  as  new  circumstances  may  give  occasion  for,  either  at  a  new  congress  or  at  the  court  of  one  of  the  contracting  parties,  as  soon  as  the  war  with  Spain  shall  be  terminated.

      ART.  7.  The  present  treaty  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifications  exchanged  at  Paris  within  the  space  of  six  months.

Made  at  Verona  the  22d  November,  1822.



For  Austria :-----------------------------------------------------METTERNICH.



For  France :------------------------------------------------CHATEAUBRIAND.



For  Prussia :---------------------------------------------------------BERNSTET.



For  Russia :------------------------------------------------------NESSELRODE.



      I ask to have printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD this secret treaty, because I think it ought to be called now to the attention of the people of the United States and of the world.  This evidence of the conflict between the rule of the few verses popular government should be emphasized on the minds of the people of the United States, that the conflict now waging throughout the world may be more clearly understood, for after all said the great pending war springs from the weakness and frailty of government by the few, where human error is far more probable than the error of the many where aggressive war is only permitted upon the authorizing vote of those whose lives are jeopardized in the trenches of modern war.

      Mr.  SHAFROTH.  Mr. President, I should like to have the senator state whether in that treaty there was not a coalition formed between the powerful countries of Europe to reestablish the sovereignty of Spain in the Republics of South and Central America?

      Mr.  OWEN.  I was just going to comment upon that, and I am going  to take but a few moments to do so because I realize the pressure of other matters.  This Holy Alliance, having put a Bourbon  prince upon the throne of  France by force, then used France to suppress the constitution of Spain immediately afterwards, and by this very treaty gave her a subsidy of 20,000,000 francs annually to enable her to wage war upon the people of Spain and to prevent their exercise of any measure of the right of self-government.  The Holy Alliance immediately did the same thing in Italy, by sending Austrian troops to Italy, where the people there attempted to exercise a like measure of liberal constitutional self-government ;  and it was not until the printing press, which the Holy Alliance so stoutly opposed, taught the people of Europe the value of liberty that finally one country after another seized a greater and greater right of self government, until now it may be fairly said that nearly all the nations of Europe have a very large measure of self government.    However, I wish to call the attention of the Senate and the country to this important history in the growth of  constitutional popular self-government.    The Holy Alliance made its powers felt by the wholesale drastic suppression of the press in Europe, by universal censorship, by killing free speech and all ideas of popular rights, and by the complete suppression of popular government.    The Holy Alliance having destroyed popular government in Spain and in Italy, had well-laid plans also to destroy popular government in the American colonies which had revolted from Spain and Portugal in Central and South America under the influence of the successful example of the United States.    It was because of this conspiracy against the American Republics by the European monarchies that the great English statesman, Canning, called the attention of our government to it, and our statesmen then, including Thomas Jefferson, took an active part to bring about the declaration by President Monroe in his next annual message to the Congress of the United States that the United States should regard it as an act of hostility to the government of the United States and an unfriendly act if this coalition or if any power of Europe ever undertook to establish upon the American Continent any control of  any American Republic or to acquire any territorial rights.    This is the so-called Monroe doctrine.    The threat under the secret treaty of Verona to suppress popular governments in the American Republics is the basis of the Monroe doctrine.    This secret treaty sets forth clearly the conflict between monarchial government and popular government and the government of the few as against the government of the many.    It is a part, in reality, of developing popular sovereignty when we demand for women equal rights to life, to liberty, to the possession of property, to an equal voice in the making of the laws and the administration of the laws.    This demand on the part of the women is made by men, and it ought to be made by men as well as by thinking, progressive women, as it will promote human liberty and human happiness.    I sympathize with it, and I hope that all parties will in the national conventions give their approval to this larger measure of liberty to the better half of the human race.

Official Records of the Union Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion

 One thing both conspiracies had in common was being threatened by the United States Constitution.

In time however the Catholic Church was completely taken over the Masonic conspirators. John the 23rd played a key role in that take over, as did the P2 Lodge. John Paul II cemented it.